ʻO ke ʻano ʻepekema i ka pilikia paradigmatic

 ʻO ke ʻano ʻepekema i ka pilikia paradigmatic

Ua kuhi hewa ka ʻepekema ʻepekema, a i ʻole ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻo ke ʻano ʻepekema he kumu hoʻohālikelike ʻole i ka laina Poperian, ka manawa o ke kamaʻilio ʻana ma waena o nā manaʻo o Karl Popper lāua ʻo Thomas Kuhn.

Mai ka mahuka mua mai ka hoʻomana a me ka mythological kŘkohu a me ka hoʻololi 'ana i ka honua a me ka nenoaiu o metaphysics me ka hanau ana o ke kula o Helene philosophy 2500 makahiki aku nei, a hiki infiltrated e kekahi mystical a me kuʻuna strands, a laila na Helene philosophical kula pūʻulu ma waena o nā mea elua. nā kaula nui: nā ontological e pili ana i ka hoʻomau, a me nā mea i hoʻopau ʻia mai ka thesis o ke au dialectical e hana ana i nā kū'ē a me nā ʻokoʻa, nā ʻoki a me nā ʻokoʻa ʻaʻole pono loa.

E hana mākou i kahi loiloi pōkole o ka bibliography of methodology ma ke ʻano maʻamau, e hana ana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ikaika, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomanaʻo a pili i nā kahawai nui o ka haʻalele ʻana no ka theoretical a me ka ontological a me ke kākoʻo epistemological no ka mea ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻano ʻepekema a me nā empiricist ma ke kumu hoʻokahi. a e hoʻouka ʻia kēia kumukānāwai ma kēia monograph.

E hoʻomaka ana me ka inductivism, kahi ʻano helu helu e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no ka pōʻaiapili o ke kuhiakau, ka nānā ʻana, ka hoʻokolohua, a me ka hopena, nā mea a pau e pili ana i ka manaʻo o ke kanaka no ka hoʻomau a me ka hana hou monotonous e hoʻoulu ai i loko o mākou i ka manaʻolana o ke kūpaʻa a me ka mau loa i hiki ke hoʻopunipuni ʻia. e ka naʻau, nā ʻelima o kā mākou ʻōnaehana neurological, no laila hiki ke hoʻopunipuni ʻia e lākou;

ʻO ka Deductivism kahi ʻano hoʻohaʻahaʻa o ka inductivism, kahi intuition anti-matematika e hoʻokaʻawale i kekahi hōʻike no ka mea he ʻike ponoʻī ia, hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka helu helu helu a me ka helu ʻole, helu ʻole, ʻike ʻole, ʻike ʻole, akā ʻike ʻia e ka maopopo o ka manaʻo maʻamau, pono ia. ʻaʻole ʻepekema, akā ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻike ʻole ʻia a mau loa.

Hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka Detutivism i ke ʻano inductivist no ka mea ʻo ka nui o nā hōʻike e hoʻolilo iā ia i ka palena ʻole a i ʻole ka regression i ka pau ʻole, ʻaʻole hiki ke nīnau ʻia e kekahi makemakika me ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻohana i ka makemakika a i ʻole ka helu.

ʻO ka penultimate o nā ʻano ʻepekema kaulana loa, ʻo ka dialectic, mahalo nui ʻia no ka mea e hana ana i kahi hiki ʻole i nā helu ke hiki a hoʻopiha i kahi hakahaka ʻole e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano dialectical. Ke hilinaʻi nei kēia ʻano i ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma waena o nā manaʻo kū'ē, a mai nā mea kū'ē mai ka hopena a me ka synthesis o nā mea kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO ke ala hou loa, ʻo ka Poperian, he hoʻonui hou ia o ke ʻano dialectical, ʻo ia hoʻi ka impermanence o nā ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻepekema manawaleʻa, i ʻike ʻia i ka wā i hala, ua lilo nā ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻepekema i kēia lā i mea hoʻopunipuni, a ʻo ka ʻepekema wahaheʻe i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā he chimeras o ka moʻolelo. o ka pohaku a ke akeakamai o ka alchemy, astrology and superstitions; no laila, ʻo kēia ka wā e hiki mai ana o nā ʻike hou a pau i ka wā e hiki mai ana i lilo i mea hoʻomanamana e nā kānaka ʻepekema e hiki mai ana.

ʻO ke ʻano Poperian i kapa ʻia ʻo hypothetical-deductive refutational e hoʻopaneʻe i ke kumu o ka manawa ma mua, e kala mai i mua no nā kūlana a me nā ʻano like ʻole o kā mākou pae kiʻekiʻe o kēia manawa, hiki ʻole ke kali i ka ʻike ʻepekema e hiki mai ana.

No laila hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoholo me ka makaʻu ʻole i ka hana hewa ʻana e ʻimi mau nā ʻano ʻepekema āpau a me nā ʻenehana i ke ʻano maʻamau, i ʻimi ʻia ma o ka hoʻohālike ʻana me nā formula a me nā hoʻohālikelike makemakika i hiki iā mākou ke kali i nā ʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana i nā ʻano wānana no ke ʻano o ke ʻano.

  ʻO nā kānāwai ʻelima o ka dialectics:

1) HOʻopili ʻia nā mea a pau i nā mea a pau;

2) ʻAʻohe mea i hana hou ʻia ma ke ʻano;

3) KA THESIS a me ka ANTITHESIS e hana i ka SYNTHESIS;

4) KA HOOLOLI ANA I KA NUI;

5) ʻOi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana ma mua o ka holoʻokoʻa;

6) ʻAʻole hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka mea holoʻokoʻa e nā ʻāpana kaʻawale;

7) KA HOʻOLOHE A ME KE KĀNĀ ʻANA I KA HANA O KELAIA ʻĀpana.

8) ʻAʻohe kumu hoʻokahi no nā mea;

  No laila, aia kahi ʻano kūlohelohe a intuitive e ʻike i ka maʻamau i ke ʻano, akā hoʻomanaʻo mai ka dialectics iā mākou ʻaʻole like ʻelua lau lāʻau i ke ʻano, i ke ʻano, ke kala kala, ka nui, ke kaumaha, ʻaʻohe mea i hana hou ʻia ma ke ʻano. ʻelua lā me ka lōʻihi o ka manawa ma ka honua, i kēlā me kēia manawa e hana nā mana like ʻole ma ka honua i ʻole e hoʻi hou nā kūlana iā lākou iho, ke hoʻololi nei mākou mai ka zero a hiki i ka 1600 kilomita i kēlā me kēia hola ma muli o ke kūlana ma ka latitu hema hema ma ka honua. a ma ka lonitu hoi, oiai ka honua e kaapuni ana i ka la ma ke ano he kuhikuhi mua ma 107 tausani kilomika i ka hora, aka, e nee ana ka la ma kahi kokoke i 900 tausani kilomita i ka hora no laila, aole e kaapuni ka honua, aka, e hele ana ka la i ka 175 tausani kilomika. i kēlā me kēia hola ma hope a puni ka lā, e neʻe ana a kokoke i ʻewalu miliona mau kilomita ma apogee a me perigee, me ka ʻae ʻana o ke koʻi o ka rotation e hele ana i kahi precession, aia nā kakini o nā neʻe hui ʻana o ka honua i ka lewa nona ka hui ʻana. ʻAʻohe mea e hana hou iā ia iho, akā me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano deductive i loaʻa iā mākou i hoʻokahi lā e like me kekahi a me he mea lā ʻaʻohe mea e loli.

Ke haʻalele ke kaʻa i ka laina hui, ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā ʻāpana e nā mea hana a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka pepa ʻikepili ʻenehana o ka kaʻa e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma hope o ka nānā pono ʻia ʻana o nā ʻāpana a me kā lākou mau ana i ka wā o ka nānā ʻana, ʻo ka maopopo wale nō kā mākou ʻo kēlā me kēia hiʻohiʻona. ʻaʻole e like ka hana ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi e like me nā kikoʻī ʻenehana i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka papahana a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hana i manaʻo ʻia.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona like nā ʻikepili āpau a ʻokoʻa iki mai kekahi i kekahi, ʻaʻohe kaʻa e puka like me ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻenekini i ka hana maʻamau e hana ʻia ma 3555 mau kipi i kēlā me kēia minuke ʻoiai ke hōʻike nei ke kelepona i kēia maʻamau me ʻO kēlā me kēia huli ʻana o ke axle o ka ʻenekini, hiki ke ana pololei ʻia ʻo kēlā me kēia kipi o nā kipi 3555 i kēlā me kēia minuke he ʻokoʻa iki ka wikiwiki o kēlā me kēia kipi, no laila i kēlā me kēia kipi ʻana o ka ʻenekini he ʻokoʻa iki nā ʻāpana, ʻaʻole e hana hou ʻia ke kaomi pahū. , 'oko'a ka wela o ka ho'opau 'ana i kēlā me kēia pahū no ka mea 'oko'a iki ka nui o ka ea a me ka wahie i kēlā me kēia pahū, 'ano li'ili'i ka manawa o ka pahū 'ana mai kekahi i kekahi, 'oko'a ka ikaika o ka uwila mai ka ipukukui i ka volta a me ke au uila me ʻO kēlā me kēia hoʻā ʻana i nā manawa ma waho o ke kaʻina i ka hui like ʻole me kekahi. ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe a hoʻololi ka nui o ka ea i kēlā me kēia kekona, ʻokoʻa ka haʻahaʻa o ka ea puhi i nā millimetrically i kēlā me kēia manawa, no laila ʻokoʻa nā ʻano ʻenekini i kēlā me kēia millisecond, ʻokoʻa ka mana i kēlā me kēia manawa. , oiai me he mea la ua hana pinepine ia na mea a pau.

ʻO ka lolo o ke ao holoʻokoʻa i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻikepili ʻikepili, a i ʻole ka manaʻo, ʻo ia ka pōkole ke kaʻina o ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka ʻike ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a hoʻololi paha i nā kūlana mua a i ʻole nā ​​kumu e like me ka hopena o ka hopena a i ʻole ka manawa o kēia manawa, pēlā e hoʻoponopono mau ai. ʻo ia iho a hoʻomau i ka manawa aʻe nā ʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻia e haʻalele i ka maʻamau, e like me: ko mākou ʻōnaehana pale e hoʻoponopono i nā ʻano hana o ke kino, a i ʻole nā ​​​​subsystem ʻē aʻe e like me ka phagocytosis; e like me ka cytoplasmic membrane, i ka osmosis; ka hou; salivation; ʻO ka waimaka ke ʻano o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kaiapuni o loko a me waho e ʻimi ai i kahi koena hou o ke kaulike o nā hopena hopena a me ka ikehu entropic.

No laila, ʻo ka ʻili, ka lauoho, a me nā maka o ka Nordics, ua ʻālohilohi loa e hopu a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i kēlā me kēia kukuna liʻiliʻi o ka mālamalama i loko o nā mahina ʻeiwa o ke aumoe me ka ʻole o ka lā, e hoʻololi ana i ka ʻili i ʻāpana lā nui, ʻoiai ka ʻili, ka lauoho a me nā maka o ka lā. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ka poʻe ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i nā pale lā nui e pale i ko lākou kino mai ka nui o nā kukuna o ka lā, e ʻae ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka radiation lā.

Nā hopena:

ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻepekema e ʻimi nei i ka maʻamau, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ke kanaka e makemake ai e hoʻohui i ke ʻano he kuanaʻike kanaka ʻaʻole i loaʻa, ʻaʻohe mea maʻamau i ke ʻano, ʻaʻohe mea like, ʻaʻohe mea i hana hou ʻia, no laila ʻaʻohe mea like ʻole nā ​​hoʻohālikelike a me nā ʻano. hiki ke hoʻohālike a hoʻomaopopo i ke kino, kemika, ke olaola a me ka hui pū ʻana, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻokomo i ke ʻano i loko o ke ʻano hoʻohālike maʻamau, ʻokoʻa loa i kā mākou e hana nei, kōkua ʻia e ka makemakika a me ka helu.

He mea koho 'ōpala ka Statistics, e like me ka olelo ana o na rula o ka probability, i loko o ka nenoaiu o unbiased Eia kekahi laʻana, i like probability a pau, ka mea maoli i hooiaio ole ai, e like me ka helu ana i ka likelika o ka hui 'ana mai i loko o kekahi kaʻina like me ka probable. no ka mea, ʻaʻohe makemake o ka manawa, akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole mākou e ʻike i ke kaha kiʻi no ke kaʻina 01 02 03 04 05 06 i loaʻa i ka ʻenehana like like me ke kaʻina 60 12 13 17 24 36 ʻaʻohe mea e pili i ke kaʻina mua inā ʻoe. makemake e kiʻi pololei i nā helu, a i ʻole e hana i kahi kaʻina maʻamau ma ka lawe ʻana i ka hopena hope a i ʻole kekahi hopena i kaha ʻia a hoʻohui i hoʻokahi ʻāpana i kēlā me kēia huahelu i kaha ʻia.

He aha kēia kānāwai o ka manawa kūpono? ʻAʻole hiki ke hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻohālikelike helu?

Ke hoʻohenehene nei ke ao holoʻokoʻa i kā mākou mau kānāwai, ʻaʻole wale kā mākou makemakika i ka helu pi a i ʻole ke kumu huinahā o ʻelua, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka haunaele o ka randomness.